Depression is one of the most widespread mental health conditions in the U.S., and it comes in several different forms.
People dealing with depression go through distinct periods—lasting at least two weeks—where they feel intense sadness, low energy, and a loss of interest in things they used to love. These periods are often called depressive episodes.
Depression doesn’t look the same for everyone. Some might sleep too much, while others struggle to sleep at all. Each type of depression has its own set of symptoms and effects.
Below, we’ll break down some of the most common types of depression.
Help is available
If you or someone you know is in crisis and thinking about suicide or self-harm, please reach out for support:
- Call or text the 988 Lifeline at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org. Compassionate counselors are available 24/7 for free, confidential support.
- Text HOME to the Crisis Text Line at 741741 to connect with a trained crisis counselor anytime.
- Outside the U.S.? Find a helpline in your country through Befrienders Worldwide.
- If it’s safe, call 911 or your local emergency number.
- If you’re calling for someone else, stay with them until help arrives. If possible, remove any weapons or harmful substances safely.
- If you’re not with them in person, stay on the phone until help comes.
Types of Depression
There are seven main types of depression:
1. Major Depressive Disorder
This is the most well-known form of depression. Symptoms may include:
- Deep sadness
- Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or hopelessness
- Trouble sleeping
- Changes in appetite
- Fatigue
- Irritability
- Emotional numbness
- Suicidal thoughts
Depression can also cause physical symptoms like body aches and make it hard to concentrate or remember things.
According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), about 17.3 million U.S. adults (7.1%) had at least one major depressive episode in 2017. It’s more common in women and people aged 18–25.
2. Persistent Depressive Disorder
People with this condition (also called dysthymia) experience depressive symptoms for two years or more. While the mood swings aren’t as severe as major depression, they last much longer.
Even though daily life may still be manageable, those with persistent depressive disorder often feel like they rarely experience happiness. Like major depression, it can disrupt sleep, appetite, energy, and self-esteem.
The NIMH estimates 1.3% of U.S. adults will experience this at some point, with women affected nearly twice as often as men.
3. Postpartum and Perinatal Depression
Postpartum depression develops within the first year after childbirth. It’s different from the “baby blues,” which affects up to 80% of new mothers with mild anxiety and sadness that fades within days.
Postpartum depression is more severe, affecting nearly 15% of births, with symptoms usually appearing within a week to a month after delivery. Treatment is often necessary.
Depression during pregnancy is also possible. The term perinatal depression now covers depression both during and after pregnancy.
4. Major Depressive Disorder with Psychotic Features
This severe form of depression includes psychosis—delusions (false beliefs) or hallucinations (seeing/hearing things that aren’t there). Symptoms often revolve around themes like guilt, illness, or poverty.
Studies suggest 0.35–1% of people experience this in their lifetime, with higher rates in older adults.
5. Major Depressive Disorder with Seasonal Pattern
Formerly called seasonal affective disorder (SAD), this type occurs mostly in winter, especially in areas with less natural light. Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, and low mood, lasting from early winter to spring.
A rarer form, summer-onset SAD, happens in spring/summer. About 5% of Americans experience SAD.
6. Situational Depression (Adjustment Disorder)
This type is triggered by stressful life events like divorce, job loss, illness, or grief. It’s more frequently diagnosed in kids and teens.
Symptoms may be excessive compared to the situation, and while they can improve on their own, treatment may be needed to prevent worsening depression.
7. Major Depressive Disorder with Atypical Features
This type differs from classic depression. A key sign is mood reactivity—temporary mood improvement after positive events.
For diagnosis, a person must also have two or more of these symptoms:
- Weight gain/increased appetite
- Excessive sleep
- Heavy, leaden limbs
- Extreme sensitivity to rejection
Research suggests this type is more common in younger people, lasts longer, and is linked to bipolar and anxiety disorders.
Diagnosis
Doctors may use:
- Physical exams
- Blood tests (to rule out other causes)
- Psychiatric evaluations (checking symptoms against DSM-5 criteria)
Treatment
Most types of depression respond well to medication, therapy, or both. Some, like SAD, may also benefit from light therapy.
Medication Options
- SSRIs
- SNRIs
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- MAOIs
- Atypical antidepressants
- Anti-anxiety, antipsychotic, or mood-stabilizing drugs (if needed)
Therapy
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is common, but other forms can help too.
- Therapy helps challenge negative thoughts, manage stress, and set life goals.
Other Treatments
- Brain stimulation therapies (for severe cases)
- Lifestyle changes (healthy diet, exercise, stress management)
- Support groups
When to See a Doctor
Seek help if:
- Depression lasts 2+ weeks or keeps returning.
- You have suicidal thoughts (get help immediately).
- You suspect postpartum depression, especially if it affects baby care or includes thoughts of self-harm.
Summary
Depression is a common but treatable condition with many forms. Medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes can help. The sooner someone gets treatment, the better they’ll feel.
If you or someone you love might be struggling, reach out to a doctor—support is available.